The Quest for Regionalization of Global Value Chains in a Pandemic Global Business Environment

Covid - 19 has affected global value chains (GVCs) and firms' behaviours within GVCs to a large extent. Firms need to find flexible solutions to stabilize production and rethink value chain governance and supplier relationships. Thus, GVCs recover from the initial shock, and the GVCs reconfiguration becomes essential for managers. We reviewed recent literature focusing on the GVCs, the role of governance and Covid - 19 effects on it as well as the regionalization trend. Thus, this study aims to give empirical evidence on the reconfiguration of GVCs, particularly the changes in the structure of suppliers in the global apparel industry, by using the Bloomberg Supply Chain Analysis tool in the period of 2017- 2021. We analysed the structural changes in selected leading apparel multinational companies' GVCs - Industria de Diseno Textil, S.A. (Inditex), Hennes & Mauritz AB (H & M) and adidas AG. The findings provide insights on the current state of the theoretically discussed and widely expected regionalization trend in GVCs. The study concludes that two out of three cases provide evidence indicating an ongoing trend toward GVCs regionalization. The contribution of this study consists of empirical evidence of the changes in GVCs supplier structure in the apparel industry in response to pandemic global business environment. Practical implications and recommendations for businesses and policy makers are related to the revealed theories and testable models by using Bloomberg's Supply Chain Analysis data and linking causes and effects of the GVCs regionalization processes.

Impact of Government Response to COVID-19 on the Role of GVC and Transportation*

Purpose - study aims to investigate the relationships between global value chain (GVC)-and transportation-related determinants and economic performance. Also, moderating effects of COVID-19 on the relationships are theoretically and empirically discussed. A limitation of previous studies includes their over-reliance on the opportunities of GVC participation and larger transportation. This study represents the challenges associated with them. Also, it shows how GVC and logistics can be difficult in case of a market fluctuation such as COVID-19.Design/methodology - The sample for this study includes 828 observations from 138 countries. A semi-panel data set has been used. Six observations for each country are used to empirically test the hypotheses and a Two-way cluster model is conducted.Findings - It is confirmed that GVC forward participation contributes more than the backward participation to enhance performance. Transportation infrastructure is critical, but large scales of marine and air transportations are not positive in terms of economic performance. Stricter government response to COVID-19 negatively moderates economic performance by GVC backward participation and transportation infrastructure.Originality/value - The spread of COVID-19 is causing a severe collapse of GVC and transportation. This study empirically verifies the moderating effects of the government stringency on GVC and transportation. Previous studies usually discuss a positive impact of GVC and transportation size on economic performance. However, this study aims to show various challenges behind GVC participation and large scale transportation.

Economic Shock Transmission through Global Value Chains: An Assessment using Network Analysis

This paper examines the role of some key economies in the economic contagion across global value chains using input-output analysis and complex network statistics. The empirical research focuses on China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. A range of novel measures were used to measure the nature and extent of global value chain relationships. The empirical results reveal that, because of the high interdependence and interconnectedness in the global value chain networks, the transmission of an economic shock in China and the United States will be fast, wide, and in-depth in the global value chain networks. Sample countries are more exposed to an economic shock in China than a shock in the other four big economic partners, namely the United States, Germany, Japan, and Korea.

The Effect of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Foreign Direct Investment in the Era of Global Value Chain: Evidence from the Asian Countries

The global value chain has promoted foreign direct investments in emerging markets. Not only resources but also public policies can affect the inflows or outflows of foreign direct investments (FDI). This study investigates the effect of economic policy uncertainty on net foreign direct investment inflows in 48 Asian countries. We use the panel dataset from different sources from 1995 to 2020. Our core dependent variable is net foreign direct investment inflows, and the explanatory variable is economic policy uncertainty. The study's control variables include trade, GDP per capita, GDP growth, population, financial development, inflation, and employment. We use the generalized system method of moment (SYS_GMM). Furthermore, the robustness of our empirical results is checked by using the different proxy variables of policy uncertainty. Our results confirm the negative effect of policy uncertainty on foreign direct investment inflows in 48 Asian countries. Our results show that foreign investment inflows are more sensitive than domestic investment. The influence of domestic and global uncertainty on inward FDI is greater than domestic investment. Furthermore, the interaction effect of financial development (FD) shows that FD does not affect mitigation of the negative impact of global economic policy uncertainty on foreign investment inflow. In contrast, FD mitigates the adverse effects of domestic policy uncertainty on foreign and domestic investment. The findings imply that policies need to be attractive, effective, and transparent to woo FDI to the emerging markets.

Industry 4.0 technologies in agri-food sector and their integration in the global value chain: A review

We use many kinds of digital technologies in our daily life and they lead to radical changes. These technologies are recently being adopted by agriculture and food industry and their use in various applications is tested. The results of the studies conducted with the use of these technologies, especially IoT (internet of things)-based systems, are quite promising for the solution of the chronic problems of agriculture and food industry such as food-borne diseases, mycotoxin contaminations, pesticide residues, increasing waste, etc. Under extraordinary conditions, just like the ones we have recently experienced due to COVID-19 pandemic, IoT-based systems are crucial to ensure the sustainability of agriculture and food supply chain. In this review, the fundamentals of IoT-based systems and recent developments in their use in agriculture and food supply chain are explained. Based on the literature, examples of successful applications of IoT-based systems for irrigation efficiency, pesticide treatments, supply chain management etc. are given. Nowadays, there is a great demand for the integration of IoT-based systems into the present agricultural practices and supply chains and it seems to increase exponentially. Experts in electronics and computer sciences have achieved noteworthy success in the simulations. On the other hand, only a few studies have been conducted in real agricultural and food systems. However, IoT-based systems should be tested on-site and their success in practical applications should be proved. It is obvious that new era will be one in which IoT-based technologies and their tools will be more commonly used in agriculture and food supply. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Analyzing The Impact of COVID-19 on the Moroccan Job Market by Mining Job Ads

The COVID-19 health crisis has drastically changed the lives of individuals around the world. The fear of infection, public guidelines, and a great deal of uncertainty resulted in a sharp decline in economic activity, disrupting global value chains and causing widespread job losses. Morocco, like the rest of the world, has experienced different changes in the job market. In this paper, we examine the effects of the pandemic on the Moroccan job market, focusing on which sectors and occupations were affected the most. Therefore, we analyze a 3-year-long collected dataset of job ads to understand the shifts that occurred in the job market. We use a variety of machine learning and text-mining techniques to process these ads. As part of our analysis, we classify those job ads according to the sector and the job title they mention. Our results show that the number of job ads has severely decreased during the lockdown period since the majority of businesses have stopped their activities. The demand declined in some sectors more than others during this period. However, despite the economic downturn, certain industries and sectors maintained most of their operations, and in some cases even experienced an increase in demand, such as the transport & logistic sector. © 2022 IEEE.

Services Development, Technological Innovation, and the Embedded Location of the Agricultural Global Value Chain

This study aimed to examine the impact of services development and technological innovation on the embedded location of the agricultural global value chain (GVC), and the interaction between the two in fifty-seven countries (regions) around the world. This study constructed an econometric model for empirical testing based on theoretical analysis. The results showed that services development and technological innovation contributed to the embedded location of the agricultural GVC, and there was a significant substitution effect between them. A sub-group test for different income levels showed that the influence of services development and technological innovation on the embedded location of the agricultural GVC was positive in high-income and upper-middle-income countries (regions), while their influence on the embedded location of the agricultural GVC was negative in lower-middle-income countries (regions). A significant substitution effect between services development and technological innovation is always present. Quantile regression results showed that the influence of services development on the embedded location of the agricultural GVC was significantly positive at all quantile points, but the significant influence of technological innovation and the interaction between the two on the embedded location of the agricultural GVC was mainly concentrated in the low and middle quantile points. From the perspective of services development and technological innovation, this study applied the analysis framework and research methods of the global value chain to the analysis of the global agricultural value chain, expanded the research scope of the global value chain, and provided a theoretical basis for countries (regions) to further deepen their agricultural global production network and agricultural GVC.

A study on the changes in the ICT industry after the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to explore the changes in the ICT and global value chains (GVCs) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: This study compared the difference between Korea' domestic ICT industries, ICT imports and ICT exports before and after the COVID-19 outbreak by using trade data of ICT products and national economic indicators, and presents growth strategy for the ICT industry in the post-COVID 19 era. For this purpose, this study determined the causalities between Korea's imports/exports of ICT products and composite Indexes before and after COVID-19, and derived implications in the ICT industry environment after the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Analysis results showed the following changes in Korea's ICT industry in the post-COVID-19 world. (1) Non-face-to-face and contact-free technologies related sectors in the ICT industry, such as the semiconductor sector, have grown exponentially;(2) as the USA has grown as the new key player, the causal relationship with China, a key player of the GVC in the pre-COVID-19 era, disappeared;and (3) the GVC of the ICT industry is not a rigid one-way vertical structure, but is changing to a flexible structure influenced by cooperation and competition between countries. Originality/value: The results indicate that it is essential to constantly develop new ICT sectors that make use of non-face-to-face and contact-free technologies in the post-COVID-19 era, and the main strategies in response to the changed GVC would be taking the initiative by securing source technologies and expanding through cooperation with other GVCs and resource sharing. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Global value chains for medical gloves during the COVID-19 pandemic: Confronting forced labour through public procurement and crisis

This paper evaluates ways in which labour issues in global value chains for medical gloves have been affected by, and addressed through, the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on production in Malaysia and supply to the United Kingdom's National Health Service and draws on a large-scale survey with workers and interviews with UK government officials, suppliers and buyers. Adopting a Global Value Chain (GVC) framework, the paper shows how forced labour endemic in the sector was exacerbated during the pandemic in the context of increased demand for gloves. Attempts at remediation are shown to operate through both a reconfigured value chain in which power shifted dramatically to the manufacturers and a context where public procurement became higher in profile than ever before. It is argued that the purchasing power of governments must be leveraged in ways that more meaningfully address labour issues, and that this must be part of value chain resilience. © 2022 The Authors. Global Networks published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Ecological unequal exchange between China and European Union: An investigation from global value chains and carbon emissions viewpoint

European Union (EU) becomes the largest trade partner of China since 2005, and China is the second-largest trade partner of the EU. However, the deepening interdependence between these two major economies also brings worries about the ecological unequal exchange (EUE). Comparing the carbon emissions of China and the EU, the most distinct difference is that the carbon emissions of China have raised greatly from 2010 to 2020, while the carbon emissions of the EU dropped significantly in the same period. The EUE between China and the US has been studied by many scholars, while the EUE between China and the EU is rarely explored in literature, especially during the China-US trade disputes since 2018 and Coronavirus pandemic since 2019. Employing the MRIO model, we assess embodied carbon emission from the value-added perspective of China and EU bilateral trade with 26 sectors, then investigate the embodied carbon emission sectors in import for intermediate and final consumption. The results suggest that global value chains mean "global pollution chains”, too, and emissions produced from the export trade of the EU countries to China much less China's emissions produced from the export trade of China to the EU, which endorse the EUE theory. © 2023 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control

Covid-19 in America: Global supply chain reconsidered.

This research asks: To what extent has America's reliance on the global supply network aggravated the country's public health and economic crisis; and how did the American government respond to supply chain weaknesses during the early years of the Covid-19 pandemic? This study first assesses important conceptual considerations that explain the expansion of global value chains and the growth of trade interdependencies among nations. Next, an analytical case study observes (1) America's supply chain vulnerability through three major waves of infection, (2) the difficulty to mend weaknesses in the supply linkages once the novel coronavirus spread globally and (3) American government's failures to both anticipate and respond to supply shortages, especially in the health sector. Trump administration's policies failed to ensure a reliable supply of simple personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare professionals and hospitals throughout the first three waves of infection. Moreover, state and federal governments' substantial reliance on large manufacturers who have established procurement relationship with government led to continuous nationwide supply shortages throughout 2020. The federal government's inability to engage small and medium manufacturers in the production of critical supplies of PPE and diagnostic tests deepened and prolonged the devastating impacts of the pandemic. Our case study demonstrates that the American government needs to rethink the country's substantial reliance on the global supply chain, and the specific requirements to boost domestic manufacturing capacity. The revitalisation of America's manufacturing ability and the local supply networks will boost the productive power of the nation, strengthen resiliency, reduce vulnerability in disruptive times and prepare the nation for future crises.

Post-Crisis Regionalisation of Global Value Chains in Strategies of Transnational Companies

The current global crisis led to the transformation of global value chains (GVC) in strategies of transnational companies (TNCs). The present study aims to establish a causal relationship between the volatility of the world economy and regionalisation of global value chains. Based on historical analysis and a systemic-functional approach, scattered information about the impact of global value chains on the development of TNC strategies was integrated. Thus, various aspects of TNC activities (their participation in international trade, international capital flows, etc.) were analysed together in order to identify the consequences of regionalisation for the strategic development of such companies. The study revealed that the established international production system carries many risks, which are exacerbated by continuing protectionism in international trade. Under the influence of digitalisation, regionalisation of value chains and partial reshoring of production facilities are the key directions for further development of GVCs. Given the rapid cross-border transmission of exogenous shocks, the stability and sustainability of global value chains will determine their development;however, there is no evidence whether GVCs will lengthen or shorten. The high cost of the complex reconfiguration of GVCs towards regionalisation will lead to only minor changes in their architecture. The redesign will affect only some aspects of activities, in particular, the organisation of work with global suppliers. While the weak integration of developing countries into GVCs will remain, the barriers to internationalisation will be reduced under the influence of digitalisation, creating new opportunities for the incorporation of small business into the international production system. In general, global value chains will still be considered a reliable source to reduce the risks of global operating activities of TNCs. The research results can be used for further theoretical and methodological development of internationalisation strategies. © 2022 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

How Italian Fashion Brands Beat COVID-19: Manufacturing, Sustainability, and Digitalization

COVID-19 has had a dramatic impact on the fashion industry. Fashion brands had to restructure their value chains and refine their strategies to overcome the negative consequences of the lockdown. An analysis of the Italian fashion industry is used to examine how companies responded to the challenges of the pandemic and how they were able to find competitive solutions. Qualitative analysis is used to discuss the case of Italy, a country that was particularly affected by COVID-19. The research shows that companies invested in three different directions to overcome the obstacles posed by the COVID-19 emergency: refocusing on manufacturing, investing in sustainability (especially social), and relying on digital technologies (e.g., e-commerce and videoconferencing) to interact with remote customers. The theoretical and practical contributions of this study are discussed.

Ecological unequal exchange between China and European Union: An investigation from global value chains and carbon emissions viewpoint

European Union (EU) becomes the largest trade partner of China since 2005, and China is the second-largest trade partner of the EU. However, the deepening interdependence between these two major economies also brings worries about the ecological unequal exchange (EUE). Comparing the carbon emissions of China and the EU, the most distinct difference is that the carbon emissions of China have raised greatly from 2010 to 2020, while the carbon emissions of the EU dropped significantly in the same period. The EUE between China and the US has been studied by many scholars, while the EUE between China and the EU is rarely explored in literature, especially during the China-US trade disputes since 2018 and Coronavirus pandemic since 2019. Employing the MRIO model, we assess embodied carbon emission from the value-added perspective of China and EU bilateral trade with 26 sectors, then investigate the embodied carbon emission sectors in import for intermediate and final consumption. The results suggest that global value chains mean "global pollution chains”, too, and emissions produced from the export trade of the EU countries to China much less China's emissions produced from the export trade of China to the EU, which endorse the EUE theory.

How dual value chain embedding affects energy efficiency in China

Since the financial crisis, especially after the outbreak of COVID-19, the global trade division of labor has been changing rapidly. The global value chain (GVC) keeps shrinking while the domestic value chain (DVC) continues to develop. Therefore, it is important to re-examine the impact of different modes of value chain division of labor on China’s energy efficiency. In this study, we first constructed an input-output model of provinces embedded in the world to measure the dual embedding of domestic and global value chains. Then we used a three-dimensional fixed-effect model to study the impact and mechanism of dual value chain embedding on energy efficiency. We found that domestic value chain embedding inhibits energy efficiency improvement and global value chain embedding promotes energy efficiency improvement. A series of robustness and endogeneity tests support these findings. The heterogeneity tests revealed that the effects of dual value chain embedding on energy efficiency are more pronounced in low-polluting industries, high-tech industries, years before 2008, and coastal regions. The mechanism test revealed that DVC embedding inhibits energy efficiency by exacerbating the low-end lock-in effect, reducing environmental regulation and scale efficiency, and it increases energy efficiency by increasing technological progress efficiency. GVC embedding improves energy efficiency by weakening the low-end lock-in effect and increasing technical efficiency and scale efficiency, and it inhibits energy efficiency improvement by reducing environmental regulation and technological progress efficiency. Copyright © 2022 Chen, Cheng, Gao and Li.

Research on the impact of artificial intelligence on international specialization status in textile industry

With the continuous iteration of digital technologies Artificial Intelligence AI is emerging as a core strength leading the technological revolution and industrial transformation. Furthermore since the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic AI has been promoted to a new high. To build new international competitiveness AI has been undoubtedly seen as an important avenue to improve the status of international specializations. Under the opportunity of global value chain GVC reconstruction the traditional comparative advantages such as labor cost are gradually weakened. The textile industry urgently needs to improve the core competitiveness of products through intelligent manufacturing and upgrade from the processing and manufacturing link with the lowest added value to the textile machinery production and product design link with higher added value. Does the current development level of AI have an obvious driving effect on the international specializations status of textile industry in various countries What is the specific mechanism The discussion of these problems has theoretical value and important practical significance for the formulation of AI-related policies the transformation of textile industry and the promotion path selection of the international specializations status. This paper measures the comprehensive development index of AI in 28 countries from 2010 to 2017. Based on the world input-output table a global value chain position index is constructed to measure a country's status of international specializations. The two indicators are connected within a unified framework and the multi-dimensional panel fixed effect model is used for empirical test of textile industry. Then using the intermediary effect model this paper analyzes the influence mechanism of AI on the status of international specializations from three channels technological innovation production efficiency and human capital. There are three possible marginal contributions of this paper First the research on integrated evaluation systems for AI development in 28 economies from 2010 to 2017 allowing for the international comparison and dynamic tracking from multiple dimensions could be initial efforts to break up the one-fold measurement of AI. Second it is the first time to use AI as an emerging influencing factor of the international specializations status in the textile industry. Third through connecting the AI index with international specializations status of the textile industry within the unified accounting framework our study provides a better understanding of mechanisms for AI influence on international specializations from three channels technological innovation production efficiency and human capital. The main conclusions are as follows First AI has significantly improved the position of a country's textile industry in the global value chain. Second through the mechanism test it is confirmed that AI has improved the international specializations status of the textile industry through three channels technological innovation production efficiency and human capital. Among them the kinetic energy of promoting the textile industry to move up the value chain through production efficiency needs to be further stimulated. Therefore in order to seize the opportunity of technological revolution the textile industry should actively develop intelligent manufacturing and use AI technology to help enterprises complete the transformation of automation intelligence and digitization so as to improve the added value and technical content of export products. Meanwhile enterprises and governments should increase R&D research and development investment vigorously promote the transformation of innovative achievements of AI technology in the textile industry and make it gradually occupy the core position of global value chain in international competition. Finally in order to solve the key problems of textile industry such as the over-dependence on low-end labor force administrative departments should speed up the construction of high-end talent team of AI. The emer ing technology represented by AI provides a new path choice for the international specializations status of the textile industry which can not only further promote the AI sustainable development and the effective integration of all links of the textile industry but also break through the dilemma of "low-end locking" of the global value chain so as to achieve the goal of promoting the digital transformation of the textile industry and improving the status of international specializations. It provides a theoretical and factual basis for AI to cultivate new digital kinetic energy in the upgrading of textile industry and to participate in the positioning of a new round of international competition. © 2022 China Silk Association. All rights reserved.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global value chain and implications for the Belt and Road Initiative

China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has the merit of contributing to regional economic development in tandem with infrastructure investment along economic and transport corridors. However, the issue of its sustainability has been raised due to enormous capital requirements and low profitability. Moreover, the outbreak of the COVID-19 has caused incomparable economic damage and supply chain disruptions worldwide in the form of entry bans, quarantines, trade blockades, and global protectionism, which are barriers to international trade and work against the development of the global value chain (GVC). This paper aims to quantitatively estimate the impact of COVID-19 on GVC adjustment by region and industry and derives policy implications based on the decomposition of value added (VA) and vertical specialisation (VS) trade. It is estimated that the GVC will shrink by 4.8%-20.2% in terms of VS trade depending on various scenarios.

Path Selection and Optimization of Chinese Manufacturing Industry Participating in Global Value Chain Reconstruction

This paper focuses on the path of China’s participation in global value chain reconstruction and concludes three ways to reconstruct the global value chain: embedding in the global value chain, reconstructing the national value chain, and leading the regional value chain. Based on the value-added accounting system and the latest statistics of the TiVA database, we construct an index system for the path selection of global value chain reconstruction and put forward a more suitable path for different manufacturing industries in China. According to the VRCA index and ranking of each type of manufacturing industry, our study concludes that: transportation equipment manufacturing tends to embed in global value chains;textiles, clothing, leather, and related manufacturing;wood products, paper products, and printing;chemical and non-metallic mineral products;base metals and metal products;computer, electronic, and electrical equipment manufacturing;machinery and equipment manufacturing;and other manufacturing industries tend to dominate the regional value chains;and food and beverage manufacturing and tobacco industries tend to restructure national value chains. Finally, our paper gives suggestions and prospects for path upgrading;promoting the integrated development of e-commerce and the manufacturing industry can enhance the competitive advantages of China’s manufacturing industry and achieve path upgrading and optimization. Furthermore, the two-way nesting of the “Belt and Road” regional value chain and global value chain can help China’s manufacturing industry eliminate the dilemma of low-end lock-in and upgrade from the original low-end dependent embedding mode to the middle high-end hub embedding mode.

Poland and global value chains at the beginning of the 21st century - An opportunity or a threat?

This article aims to examine and present trade relations in global value chains (GVCs) and their impact on Polish trade, emphasizing Poland's ability to react to rapid changes in the global economy, as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, the author proposed a two-stage study. The first stage focuses on analyzing selected indexes describing the Polish share and position in GVCs against the background of the European Union (EU) and OECD countries. The second stage is related to the analysis of the latest economic trade data and the reaction of Poland, the EU, and OECD to changes in international trade in 2020 and 2021 in the context of GVC. The study uses data from the OECD and WTO Trade in Value Added Database and the Eurostat Database. The relatively quick adaptation of Poland to the world's standards indicates great possibilities for adaptation of the Polish economy. The share of foreign value added in Polish exports was consistent with global trends. The export orientation of Polish production increased during the analyzed period, proving Poland's deep commitment to global production chains. Despite a similar decline in import and export in the first months of 2020, as in the OECD and the EU26, the growth dynamics in the following months were higher in Poland. Many industries in Poland are highly dependent on the smooth operation of GVCs. At the same time, the service sector is gaining importance, and its share in exports is systematically growing. The highly flexible nature of Poland's international trade allowed it to reduce the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its economy.

From optimization to reinvention: High-quality development of supply chains in great changes

The recession of globalization brings about the layout adjustment of global value chains and seriously threatens the security of supply chains. The COVID-19 pandemic aggravates various uncertainties and greatly affects the operations of supply chains. Meanwhile, emerging technologies such as digitalization are propelling business innovations and providing new opportunities for the value creations of supply chains. Operations optimization is committed to facilitating efficient collaborations for achieving supply chain coordination. The interweaving of various variables in great changes further catalyzes the reinvention of supply chains towards platform-based ecosystems. The ecosystem promotes transboundary integrations of multi-entities by opening and sharing resources, builds ecological balances of the system by operations coordination and mutual benefit, energizes risk management and green operations by intelligentization, stimulates non-boundary innovations by structure reorganization and pattern transformation, and realizes the value co-creations of participators. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the philosophy of "community of interests", actuate resource sharing, risk sharing, mutual trust and benefit distribution through mechanism constructions, enhance ecological concept and value recognition, improve platform operations management, optimize ecosystem governance, create an open and innovative ecology, upgrade crisis management capability, and build ecosystems for enabling the high-quality development of supply chains. © 2022, Editorial Board of Journal of Systems Engineering Society of China. All right reserved.